Science and Research

Linking science, policy and practice are fundamental elements of Anticipatory Action. The evaluation of climate and social science are at the core of the design, set up and implementation of Anticipatory Action. In this section you will find information related to Anticipatory Action scientific research projects, peer reviewed academic papers available in academic journals, and research reports, including working papers and other research materials.  Research material cover a diverse range of topics from climate and weather forecasting, scalability, social protection, vulnerability, and exposure, among other crucial topics.

Find the latest academic publications:

Blog December 09, 2025

Gender & Inclusion

Before the storm: putting gender equality at the heart of anticipatory action

In the Asia-Pacific region, women have the knowledge, skills and leadership needed for anticipatory action – yet they remain invisible in many official plans and protocols. A new report looks at how …

Learn more
Blog November 19, 2025

Cash & Voucher, Evidence, Food Insecurity, Gender & Inclusion, Health, Locally led

Building the evidence for anticipatory action: what we’ve learned – and what’s next

Anticipatory action has moved rapidly from concept to practice over the past decade. The expanding experience and evidence now available enable us to reflect on what has been learned, what works, …

Learn more
Blog October 16, 2025

Compound risk, Early Warning System, Impact-based Forecasting, Locally led

Multi-hazard early warning systems for anticipatory action: how to make these a reality

To be effective, anticipatory action and early warning systems must capture and address the complexity – the multiple and interacting nature of hazards and risks – that communities face. This blog …

Learn more
Blog September 15, 2025

Disaster Risk Financing, Emerging Topics, Scaling up

The impacts of humanitarian funding cuts on anticipatory action

The humanitarian sector has witnessed major cuts to its funding in 2025. As part of this sector, these cuts threaten the financial sustainability of anticipatory action. A recent survey by the …

Learn more
Blog July 16, 2025

Disaster Risk Financing, Scaling up

Why use insurance for anticipatory action – and why now?

Traditionally designed to cover post-disaster losses, insurance has the potential to release rapid, pre-arranged funding for anticipatory action. A recent working paper by the Anticipation Hub and …

Learn more
Blog July 16, 2025

Other

Making sense of synergies: how anticipatory action connects to other approaches and sectors

Anticipatory action does not happen in isolation; it is interwoven with other humanitarian approaches, as well as the climate and development sectors. In this article, we asked some of our partners …

Learn more
Blog June 18, 2025

Compound risk, Conflict

Demystifying anticipatory action for displacement: a menu of operational options

There are over 123 million forcibly displaced people worldwide, yet they are rarely targeted through anticipatory action. Efforts are under way to change this, and this blog provides an overview of …

Learn more
Blog May 31, 2025

Advocacy, Scaling up

Spread the word: working with the media to tell people about anticipatory action

There are many ways to work with the media - in its many forms - to increase awareness of anticipatory action. This blog looks at some effective approaches used to date.

Learn more
Blog April 30, 2025

Conflict, Early Warning System, Forecast

Early warning systems in fragile, conflict-affected and violent contexts: takeaways for anticipatory action

Anticipatory action cannot take place effectively without investment in the wider elements of early warning systems. Securing such investment is particularly challenging in fragile, …

Learn more
Blog March 18, 2025

Early Action, Food Insecurity, Gender & Inclusion

Ensuring education through a crisis: how school-feeding programmes give children ‘more than just a meal’

Slow-onset hazards can drive hunger among children, forcing them to stay at home rather than attend school. In such contexts, school-feeding programmes have emerged as a crucial anticipatory action. …

Learn more
Manual / Guideline December 18, 2025

Evidence

Guide to submitting data for the global overview reports

This document provides guidance on how to submit data for the global overview report series.

Download file
Other December 18, 2025

Lessons Learnt, Scaling up

Snapshot overview of the Nigeria After-Activation Review results

Nigeria has taken a major step forward in disaster anticipation and preparedness by holding its national After-Activation Review (AAR) of the anticipatory action intervention in Adamawa State from …

Download file
Manual / Guideline December 17, 2025

Evidence, M&E

MEAL for anticipatory action guidelines

Monitoring, evaluation, accountability and learning (MEAL) are indispensable elements of any anticipatory action programme or project. When MEAL is integrated from the outset, it can generate …

Download file
Training & Educational Material December 11, 2025

Minimum training package on AA - Module 6: Simulation Exercise

Download file
Training & Educational Material December 02, 2025

Minimum training package on AA - Module 9: Institutionalization

Download file
Briefing Sheet / Fact Sheet December 01, 2025

Lessons Learnt

Integrating nutrition into locally-led anticipatory action - A lessons learned brief

This brief consolidates lessons learned from a 2025 initiative led by ACF France and the Global Nutrition Cluster Operations Team, aimed at integrating nutrition-sensitive approaches into …

Download file
Training & Educational Material November 28, 2025

Minimum training package on AA - Module 5: Operationalizing AA

Download file
Other November 26, 2025

Evidence, Lessons Learnt, M&E

Pitfalls in generating evidence for anticipatory action and what to do about them

A compilation of common quality concerns about anticipatory action evidence and recommendations from the MEAL Practitioners' Group about how to address these.

Download file
Briefing Sheet / Fact Sheet November 20, 2025

Early Action, Early Warning System, Evidence, Health

Establishing anticipatory action at the national level: lessons from Sri Lanka

Anticipatory action has progressed rapidly in Sri Lanka. In 2022, the first pilot project began testing this approach for floods and landslides in Nuwara Eliya; just three years later, there are now …

Download file
Briefing Sheet / Fact Sheet November 18, 2025

Cash & Voucher, Evidence, Livelihoods

An approach that works: how anticipatory action delivers impacts

In 2015, projects in Togo and Uganda explored whether it was possible to provide humanitarian support in anticipation of predictable hazards. Ten years later, anticipatory action is an established …

Download file

Who is doing research on Anticipatory Action?

Asia Regional Resilience to a Changing Climate (ARRCC): The Met Office is working in partnership with the World Bank and the UK’s Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) on the UK aid funded ARRCC programme. The four-year programme, which started in 2018, aims to strengthen weather forecasting systems across Asia. The programme will deliver new technologies and innovative approaches to help vulnerable communities use weather warnings and forecasts to better prepare for climate-related shocks, including Impact based Forecasting for Early Action in Bangladesh and Nepal.

Learn more.

Forecast for Anticipatory Humanitarian Action (FATHUM) researchers are linking together research on forecast predictability and skill, complex drivers of risk, multi-actor perspectives on successful implementation and financing mechanisms to catalyse and facilitate the scale-up of Forecast-based Financing (FbF) for effective, appropriate and impactful action before a disaster.

Learn more.

Exploring options for forecast-based early action in the Eastern Caribbean:  The Caribbean is highly exposed to extreme weather and climate events including drought, tropical cyclones and flooding.  When an extreme event is forecast, action taken before the event occurs can significantly reduce losses, damage and suffering. Caribbean governments and their partners are already taking early action; however, there is potential to strengthen these interventions.

Learn more.

Towards Forecast based Preparedness Action (ForPAC) is a ‘research to action’ project seeking to provide advanced forecast products and information platforms to project partners in Kenya in order to advance a move towards forecast-based action for flood and drought hazards. The goal is to strengthen resilience to climate-related risks and reduce the impacts of these risks on the lives and livelihoods of those who are mostly vulnerable communities in Kenya.

Learn more. 

NASA Towards A Global Flood & Flash Flood Early Warning Early Action System Driven by NASA Earth Observations and Hydrologic Models

In the current state, disaster management organizations in developing countries are not preparing sufficiently for flash floods. This initiative aims to enhance disaster manager capacity to better prepare, respond and recover to flooding events.

Learn more.

The PICSEA project results contain communication and training material for weather forecasters, tropical meteorologists and humanitarians. 

This includes a  selection of stimulating videos, animations, audio and mapping of tropical cyclones.

Learn more.

Science for Humanitarian Emergencies and Resilience (SHEAR) is undertaking innovative research in the most hazard-prone parts of the world to better understand and predict disasters and minimise the risk they pose to vulnerable communities.

Learn more.

The Academic Alliance on Anticipatory Action (4As, or “Straight As”) is working to build the evidence base on Anticipatory Action through a combination of impact evaluations of real-time anticipatory action and research to improve the development of anticipatory action programs and identify the most effective ways to help the most vulnerable people before a crisis pushes them further into life-threatening situations. 4As is a consortium of universities from around the world supported by the United States Agency for International Development’s Bureau for Humanitarian Assistance (USAID/BHA).

Is your project missing?

If you would like to add your own project, please contact Dorothy Heinrich with the following information: Name of the project, 50-word description, focal person and contact information, and website link.

The Anticipatory Action Research Roadmap

To move forward with the ambitious agenda of scaling up anticipatory action, there are a number of critical research questions remaining. Addressing these policy, strategic and operational gaps can support practitioners and scientists to develop sustainable, effective, and people-centred anticipatory action systems at scale. The Anticipatory Action Research Roadmap identifies five goals for the success of FbF at the top and lists critical research questions that need to be addressed to help achieve these goals. The priority research questions identified, and related to incentives of different actors should inform the investment and design of anticipatory action systems in the future. It is important to note that interdisciplinary research involves practitioners in the design and analysis is critical for uptake and what we research is only as important as how we research it.

Find and contribute to the Research Roadmap here

Emerging topics

In expanding the use of anticipatory action to address more risks, be applicable in more contexts and strengthen overall disaster risk financing approaches, experts and practitioners are engaging in multi-disciplinary collaboration to enable anticipatory action to be applied where and when it is needed using adapted tools, innovative solutions and new ways of working.

More about emerging topics

Do you have a question?

Erin Coughlan

Manager Science Team

Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre

Raise your Question

Dorothy Heinrich

Technical Advisor

Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre

Raise your Question

Liz Stephens

Science Lead

Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre

Raise your Question

Arielle Tozier de la Poterie

Global advisor Early Action and Research

German Red Cross

Raise your Question